Protein kinase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

A compound of the general formula:  
                 
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal forms of diastereomers thereof is described. Method of inhibiting a protein kinase using compounds of Formula I are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. utility application Ser. No.10/469,303 filed Dec. 4, 2003, which is a 371 of PCT applicationPCT/AU03/00629 having an international filing date of May 23, 2003,which claims benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/399,070filed Jul. 26, 2002 and of Australian application No. 2002000002515filed May 23, 2002. Each of these documents are incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of inhibitors of proteinkinases.

BACKGROUND ART

Protein kinases are a family of enzymes that catalyse thephosphorylation of specific residues in proteins. In general proteinkinases fall into several groups; those which preferentiallyphosphorylate serine and/or threonine residues, those whichpreferentially phosphorylate tyrosine residues and those whichphosphorylate both tyrosine and Ser/Thr residues. Protein kinases aretherefore key elements in signal transduction pathways responsible fortransducing extracellular signals, including the action of cytokines ontheir receptors, to the nuclei, triggering various biological events.The many roles of protein kinases in normal cell physiology include cellcycle control and cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, cell mobilityand mitogenesis.

Protein kinases include members of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase family(PTKs), which in turn can be divided into the cytoplasmic PTKs (CTKs)and the receptor PTKs (RTKs). The cytoplasmic PTKs include the SRCfamily, (including: BLK; FGR; FYN; HCK; LCK; LYN; SRC; YES and YRK); theBRK Family (including: BRK; FRK, SAD; and SRM); the CSK family(including: CSK and CTK); the BTK family, (including BTK; ITK; TEC; MKK2and TXK), the Janus kinase family, (including: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 andTyk2), the FAK family (including, FAK and PYK2); the Fes family(including FES and FER), the ZAP70 family (including ZAP70 and SYK); theACK family (including ACK1 and ACK2); and the Abl family (including ABLand ARG). The RTK family includes the EGF-Receptor family (including,EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4); the Insulin Receptor family (including INS-Rand IGF1-R); the PDGF-Receptor family (including PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, CSF1R,KIT, FLK2); the VEGF-Receptor family (including FLT1, FLK1 and FLT4);the FGF-Receptor family (including FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4); theCCK4 family (including CCK4); the MET family (including MET and RON);the TRK family (including TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC); the AXL family(including AXL, MER, and SKY); the TIE/TEK family (including TIE andTIE2/TEK); the EPH family (including EPHA1, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA4, EPHA5,EPHA6, EPHA7, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB3, EPHB4, EPHB5, EPHB6); the RYKfamily (including RYK); the MCK family (including MCK and TYRO10); theROS family (including ROS); the RET family (including RET); the LTKfamily (including LTK and ALK); the ROR family (including ROR1 andROR2); The Musk family (including Musk); the LMR family including LMR1,LMR2 and LMR3); and the SuRTK106 family (including SuRTK106).

Similarly, the serine/threonine specific kinases comprise a number ofdistinct sub-families, including; the extracellular signal regulatedkinases, (p42/ERK2 and p44/ERK1); c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK);cAMP-responsive element-binding protein kinases (CREBK); the cyclindependent kinases (CDKs); cAMP-dependent kinase (CAPK);mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase (MAPK and itsrelatives); stress-activated protein kinase p38/SAPK2; mitogen-andstress-activated kinase (MSK); protein kinases, PKA, PKB and PKC interalia.

Additionally, the genomes of a number of pathogenic organisms possessgenes encoding protein kinases. For example, the malarial parasitePlasmodium falciparum and viruses such as HPV and Hepatitis virusesappear to bear kinase related genes.

Inappropriately high protein kinase activity has been implicated in manydiseases resulting from abnormal cellular function. This might ariseeither directly or indirectly, for example by failure of the propercontrol mechanisms for the kinase, related for example to mutation,over-expression or inappropriate activation of the enzyme; or by over-or under-production of cytokines or growth factors also participating inthe transduction of signals upstream or downstream of the kinase. In allof these instances, selective inhibition of the action of the kinasemight be expected to have a beneficial effect. Diseases where aberrantkinase activity has been implicated include: diabetes; restenosis;atherosclerosis; fibrosis of the liver and kidney; ocular diseases;myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders; cancer such as prostatecancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, leukemia andlymphoma; and, auto-immune diseases such as Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma,rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, Crouzon syndrome,achondroplasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have found that a group of compounds based upon adisubstituted pyrazine scaffold are inhibitors of protein kinases.

This invention is therefore directed to compounds that potentiallymodulate Protein Kinase signal transduction by affecting the enzymaticactivity of RTKs, CTKs and/or STKs, thereby interfering with the signalstransduced by such proteins. More particularly, the present invention isdirected to compounds which modulate RTK, CTK and/or STK mediated signaltransduction pathways as a therapeutic approach to cure many kinds oftumor.

Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention consists in acompound of the general formula

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal formsor diastereomers thereof, wherein:

R1 is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

Q is a bond, or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

A is aryl, hetaryl optionally substituted with 0-3 substituentsindependently chosen from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN,aryl, hetaryl, OCF₃, OC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₂₋₅alkylNR4R5, Oaryl, Ohetaryl,CO₂R4, CONR4R5, nitro, NR4R5, C₁₋₄ alkylNR4R5, NR6C₁₋₄alkylNR4R5,NR4COR5, NR6CONR4R5, NR4SO₂R5; and R4, R5 are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl,C₁₋₄alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR7; and R6 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl; and R7is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄alkyl hetaryl;

R2 is 0-2 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl,OH, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, CN, C₁₋₄alkylNR8R9,OC₁₋₄alkylNR8R9, CO₂R8, CONR8R9, NR8R9, NR8COR9, NR10CONR8R9, NR8SO₂R9;and R8, R9 are each independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkylhetaryl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8 memberedring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, NR11; and R10 isselected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl or hetaryl; and R11 is selected fromH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl.

Y is halogen, OH, NR12R13, NR12COR13, NR12CONR13, N12SO₂R13; and R12;and R13 are each independently H, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-6 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR14 and R14 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

n=0-4;

W is selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl; where C₁₋₄alkyl orC₂₋₆alkenyl may be optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, OH,OC₁₋₄alkyl, NR15R16; and R15, and R16 are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joinedto form an optionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionallycontaining an atom selected from O, S, NR17 and R17 is selected from H,C₁₋₄ alkyl;

wherein when Y is OH or NHCOCH₃ then R2 is 1-2 substituents and whereinwhen Y is NH₂ and R2 is absent then Y is in the para position.

In a second aspect the present invention consists in a compositioncomprising a carrier and at least one compound of the first aspect ofthe invention.

In a third aspect the present invention consists in a method of treatinga protein kinase-associated disease state, the method comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the first aspect of the invention or a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a composition of the second aspect of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 describes dose-response curves for R and S enantiomers ofrepresentative 2-(α-methyl benzylamino)-pyrazine.

FIGS. 2A-C describe kinase inhibition activity of representative2-(α-methyl benzylamino)-pyrazines. FIG. 2A shows that CYC10124(exemplified as Chemistry 141 in table 1) exhibits potent inhibitoryactivity against the c-KIT, TIE2 and ABL protein kinases. FIG. 2B showsthat CYC10268 (exemplified as Chemistry 268 in table 1) exhibits potentinhibitory activity against c-FMS. FIG. 2C shows that CYC10119(exemplified as Chemistry 136 in table 1) exhibits potent inhibitoryactivity against JAK2 and c-KIT.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to compounds that potentially modulateProtein Kinase signal transduction by affecting the enzymatic activityof RTKs, CTKs and/or STKs, thereby interfering with the signalstransduced by such proteins. More particularly, the present invention isdirected to compounds which modulate RTK, CTK and/or STK mediated signaltransduction pathways as a therapeutic approach to cure many kinds oftumor.

Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention consists in acompound of the general formula

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal formsor diastereomers thereof, wherein:

R1 is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

Q is a bond, or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

A is aryl, hetaryl optionally substituted with 0-3 substituentsindependently chosen from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN,aryl, hetaryl, OCF₃, OC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₂₋₅alkylNR4R5, Oaryl, Ohetaryl,CO₂R4, CONR4R5, nitro, NR4R5, C₁₋₄ alkylNR4R5, NR6C₁₋₄alkylNR4R5,NR4COR5, NR6CONR4R5, NR4SO₂R5; and R4, R5 are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl,C₁₋₄alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR7; and R6 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl; and R7is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄alkyl hetaryl;

R2 is 0-2 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl,OH, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, CN, C₁₋₄alkylNR8R9,OC₁₋₄alkylNR8R9, CO₂R8, CONR8R9, NR8R9, NR8COR9, NR10CONR8R9, NR8SO₂R9;and R8, R9 are each independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkylhetaryl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8 memberedring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, NR11; and R10 isselected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl or hetaryl; and R11 is selected fromH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl;

Y is halogen, OH, NR12R13, NR12COR13, NR12CONR13, N12SO₂R13; and R12,and R13 are each independently H, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-6 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR14 and R14 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

n=0-4;

W is selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl; where C₁₋₄alkyl orC₂₋₆alkenyl may be optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, OH,OC₁₋₄alkyl, NR15R16; and R15, and R16 are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joinedto form an optionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionallycontaining an atom selected from O, S, NR17 and R17 is selected from H,C₁₋₄ alkyl;

wherein when Y is OH or NHCOCH₃ then R2 is 1-2 substituents and whereinwhen Y is NH₂ and R2 is absent then Y is in the para position.

In the above description it will be appreciated that:

C₁₋₄ alkyl means a straight or branched alkyl chain;

aryl means unsubstituted or optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl;

hetaryl means an unsubstituted or optionally substituted 5- or6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or more heteroatomsselected from O, N, S;

cycloalkyl means a 3-8 membered saturated ring; and

cyclohetalkyl means a 3-8 membered saturated ring containing 1-3heteroatoms selected from O, S, NR18, where R18 is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl,hetaryl.

In a further preferred embodiment the compound is selected fromcompounds of the general formula II:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal formsor diastereomers thereof, wherein:

R1 is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

Q is a bond, or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

A is aryl, hetaryl optionally substituted with 0-3 substituentsindependently chosen from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN,aryl, hetaryl, OCF₃, OC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₂₋₅alkylNR4R5, Oaryl, Ohetaryl,CO₂R4, CONR4R5, NR4R5, C₁₋₄ alkylNR4R5, NR6C₁₋₄alkylNR4R5, NR4COR5,NR6CONR4R5, NR4SO₂R5; and R4, R5 are each independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl,C₁₋₄alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR7; and R6 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl; and R7is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄alkyl hetaryl;

R2 is 0-2 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄alkyl,OH, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, CN, C₁₋₄alkylNR8R9,OC₁₋₄alkylNR8R9, CO₂R8, CONR8R9, NR8R9, NR8COR9, NR10CONR8R9, NR8SO₂R9;and R8, R9 are each independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkylhetaryl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8 memberedring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, NR11; and R10 isselected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl or hetaryl; and R11 is selected fromH, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl;

Y is halogen, OH, NR12R13, NR12COR13, NR12CONR13, N12SO₂R13; and R12,and R13 are each independently H, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form anoptionally substituted 3-6 membered ring optionally containing an atomselected from O, S, NR14 and R14 is selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl;

n=0-4;

W is selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl; where C₁₋₄alkyl orC₂₋₆alkenyl may be optionally substituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, OH,OC₁₋₄alkyl, NR15R16; and R15, and R16 are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joinedto form an optionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionallycontaining an atom selected from O, S, NR17 and R17 is selected from H,C₁₋₄ alkyl;

wherein when Y is OH or NHCOCH₃ then R2 is 1-2 substituents and whereinwhen Y is NH₂ and R2 is absent then Y is in the para position.

In the above description it will be appreciated that:

C₁₋₄ alkyl means a straight or branched alkyl chain;

aryl means unsubstituted or optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl;

hetaryl means an unsubstituted or optionally substituted 5- or6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or more heteroatomsselected from O, N, S;

cycloalkyl means a 3-8 membered saturated ring; and

cyclohetalkyl means a 3-8 membered saturated ring containing 1-3heteroatoms selected from O, S, NR18, where R18 is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl,hetaryl.

The compounds of this invention include all conformational isomers(e.g., cis and trans isomers). The compounds of the present inventionhave asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomericand diastereomeric forms. This invention relates to the use of alloptical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the presentinvention, and mixtures thereof, and to all pharmaceutical compositionsand methods of treatment that may employ or contain them. The compoundsof formula I may also exist as tautomers. This invention relates to theuse of all such tautomers and mixtures thereof.

This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containingprodrugs of compounds of the formula I. This invention also encompassesmethods of treating or preventing disorders that can be treated orprevented by the inhibition of protein kinases, such as JAK comprisingadministering prodrugs of compounds of the formula I. Compounds offormula I having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can beconverted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds wherein an aminoacid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three orfour) amino acid residues which are covalently joined through peptidebonds to free amino, hydroxy and carboxylic acid groups of compounds offormula I. The amino acid residues include the 20 naturally occurringamino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and alsoinclude, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine,3-methylhistidine, norvlin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid,citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methioine sulfone.Prodrugs also include compounds wherein carbonates, carbamates, amidesand alkyl esters which are covalently bonded to the above substituentsof formula I through the carbonyl carbon prodrug sidechain. Prodrugsalso include phosphate derivatives of compounds of formula I (such asacids, salts of acids, or esters) joined through a phosphorus-oxygenbond to a free hydroxyl of compounds of formula I.

In a still further preferred embodiment the compound possesses Schirality at the chiral carbon bearing W, where W is C₁₋₄ alkyl. Thecompound can be used as a purified isomer or as a mixture of any ratioof isomers. It is however preferred that the mixture comprises at least70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the preferred isomer.

In a still further preferred embodiment the compound is selected fromthe compounds set out in Table 1, which illustrates2-amino-6-carba-disubstituted pyrazine and 2-amino-6-carba-disustitutedpyridine possessing growth inhibitory activity (>50%) in transformedcell lines (Tel-Jak2 and Tel-Jak3) at 50 μM. TABLE 1 Chemistry Jak2 Jak3DU145

+ + + Chemistry 44

+ + NT Chemistry 51

+ + NT Chemistry 68

+ + NT Chemistry 69

+ + NT Chemistry 87

+ + + Chemistry 118

+ + − Chemistry 117

+ + + Chemistry 119

+ − + Chemistry 130

+ + + Chemistry 136

+ + − Chemistry 137

+ + − Chemistry 139

+ + + Chemistry 141

+ + − Chemistry 142

+ + − Chemistry 144

+ + − Chemistry 155

+ + − Chemistry 156

+ + − Chemistry 157

+ + + Chemistry 157

+ + + Chemistry 158

+ + − Chemistry 174

− + − Chemistry 175

+ + − Chemistry 181

+ + − Chemistry 186

+ + − Chemistry 185

+ + + Chemistry 187

+ + + Chemistry 192

+ + + Chemistry 193

+ + − Chemistry 200

+ + + Chemistry 226

+ + − Chemistry 241

+ + + Chemistry 266

+ + + Chemistry 267

+ + + Chemistry 268

+ + + Chemistry 269

+ + + Chemistry 270

+ + − Chemistry 276

+ + + Chemistry 279

+ + − Chemistry 280

+ + + Chemistry 281

+ + + Chemistry 282

+ + + Chemistry 283

+ + + Chemistry 285

+ + − Chemistry 303

+ + − Chemistry 304

+ + − Chemistry 318

+ + − Chemistry 319

+ + − Chemistry 319

+ + − Chemistry 320

− − − Chemistry 324

+ + − Chemistry 352

+ + − Chemistry 354

+ + − Chemistry 370

+ + − Chemistry 372

+ + − Chemistry 374

In a second aspect the present invention consists in a compositioncomprising a carrier and at least one compound of the first aspect ofthe invention.

In a third aspect the present invention consists in a method of treatinga protein kinase-associated disease state, the method comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the first aspect of the invention or a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a composition of the second aspect of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the disease state involves a receptortyrosine kinase selected from the group consisting of EGF, HER2, HER3,HER4, IR, IGF-1R, IRR, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, CSFIR, C-Kit, C-fms, Flk-1R,Flk4, KDR/Flk-1, Flt-1, FGFR-1R, FGFR-2R, FGFR-3R and FGFR-4R.

In another preferred embodiment, the disease state involves a cellulartyrosine kinase selected from the group consisting of Src, Frk, Btk,Csk, Abl, ZAP70, Fes/Fps, Fak, Ack, Yes, Fyn, Lyn, Lck, Blk, Hck, Fgrand Yrk.

In a further preferred embodiment, the disease state involves a tyrosinekinase selected from the group consisting of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the disease state involves aserine/threonine kinase selected from the group consisting of ERK2,c-Jun, p38 MAPK, PKA, PKB, PKC, a cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK1, CDK2,CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDK10, and CDK11.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the disease state isselected from the group consisting of Atopy, such as Allergic Asthma,Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema), and Allergic Rhinitis; Cell MediatedHypersensitivity, such as Allergic Contact Dermatitis andHypersensitivity Pneumonitis; Rheumatic Diseases, such as Systemic LupusErythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis, Sjögren'sSyndrome, Scleroderma, Polymyositis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, PsoriaticArthritis; Other autoimmune diseases such as Type I diabetes, autoimmunethyroid disorders, and Alzheimer's disease; Viral Diseases, such asEpstein Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, HTLV 1,Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), cancer, suchas leukemia, lymphoma and prostate cancer.

In one embodiment, the method of the invention is used in the treatmentof sarcomas, carcinomas and/or leukemias. Exemplary disorders for whichthe subject method can be used alone or as part of a treatment regimeninclude: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma,osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma,lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma,Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma,pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer,squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweatgland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma,papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma,bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile ductcarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor,cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lungcarcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma,medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma,hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma,melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.

In certain embodiments, the method of the invention is be used to treatdisorders such as carcinomas forming from tissue of the breast,prostate, kidney, bladder or colon.

In other embodiments, the method of the invention is used to treathyperplastic or neoplastic disorders arising in adipose tissue, such asadipose cell tumors, e.g., lipomas, fibrolipomas, lipoblastomas,lipomatosis, hibemomas, hemangiomas and/or liposarcomas.

As used herein the term “protein kinase-associated disease state” refersto those disorders which result from aberrant protein kinase activity,in particular JAK activity and/or which are alleviated by inhibition ofone or more of these enzymes.

In further aspects the present invention provides the use of thecompounds described in the preparation of medicaments for the treatmentof protein kinase-associated disease states including JAK-associateddisease states.

As used herein the term “JAK”, “JAK kinase” or “JAK family” refers toprotein tyrosine kinases which possess the characterizing features ofJAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK as described herein.

The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising atleast one of the compounds of the formula I or II capable of treating aprotein kinase-associated disorder in an amount effective therefor, anda pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or diluent. The compositions ofthe present invention may contain other therapeutic agents as describedbelow, and may be formulated, for example, by employing conventionalsolid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceuticaladditives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration(for example, excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors,etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art ofpharmaceutical formulation.

The compounds of the formula I or II may be administered by any suitablemeans, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules,granules or powders; sublingually; buccally; parenterally, such as bysubcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intracisternal injection orinfusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueoussolutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray;topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally suchas in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containingnon-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents. Thecompounds may, for example, be administered in a form suitable forimmediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extendedrelease may be achieved by the use of suitable pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in thecase of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneousimplants or osmotic pumps.

In addition to primates, such as humans, a variety of other mammals canbe treated according to the method of the present invention. Forinstance, mammals including, but not limited to, cows, sheep, goats,horses, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats or other bovine, ovine, equine,canine, feline, rodent or murine species can be treated. However, themethod can also be practiced in other species, such as avian species(e.g., chickens).

Diseases and conditions associated with inflammation and infection canbe treated using the method of the present invention. In a preferredembodiment, the disease or condition is one in which the actions ofeosinophils and/or lymphocytes are to be inhibited or promoted, in orderto modulate the inflammatory response.

The subjects treated in the above methods, in whom which JAK inhibitionis desired, are mammals, including, but not limited to, cows, sheep,goats, horses, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats or other bovine, ovine,equine, canine, feline, rodent or murine species, and preferably a humanbeing, male or female.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of thesubject composition that will elicit the biological or medical responseof a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by theresearcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a productcomprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as wellas any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinationof the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. By“pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent orexcipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The terms “administration of” and or “administering a” compound shouldbe understood to mean providing a compound of the invention to theindividual in need of treatment.

The pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the compoundsof this invention may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form andmay be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient intoassociation with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared byuniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into associationwith a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, andthen, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. Inthe pharmaceutical composition the active object compound is included inan amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process orcondition of diseases. As used herein, the term “composition” isintended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients inthe specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly orindirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in thespecified amounts.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may bein a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches,lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules,emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositionsintended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known tothe art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and suchcompositions may contain one or more agents selected from the groupconsisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents andpreserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant andpalatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient inadmixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients whichare suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be forexample, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate,lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating anddisintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid;binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricatingagents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Thetablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques todelay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract andthereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, atime delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearatemay be employed. They may also be coated to form osmotic therapeutictablets for control release.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or anoil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients are suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide,for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide withfatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, forexample heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and ahexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acidsand hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, forexample ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloringagents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents,such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredientin a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forthabove, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oralpreparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of ananti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloringagents, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the formof oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, forexample olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquidparaffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may benaturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth,naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, andesters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolanhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation productsof the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for examplepolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also containsweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for exampleglycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations mayalso contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloringagents.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may beformulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids suchas oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The compounds of the present invention may also be administered in theform of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. Thesecompositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitablenon-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures butliquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectumto release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethyleneglycols.

For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensions,etc., containing the compounds of the present invention are employed.(For purposes of this application, topical application shall includemouthwashes and gargles.)

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in theform of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generallyderived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes areformed by mono- or multilamellar hydrated liquid crystals that aredispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologicallyacceptable and metabolizeable lipid capable of forming liposomes can beused. The present compositions in liposome form can contain, in additionto a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives,excipients and the like. The preferred lipids are the phospholipids andphosphatidyl cholines, both natural and synthetic. Methods to formliposomes are known in the art.

The pharmaceutical composition and method of the present invention mayfurther comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted hereinwhich are usually applied in the treatment of the above mentionedpathological conditions. Selection of the appropriate agents for use incombination therapy may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art,according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination oftherapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect the treatment orprevention of the various disorders described above. Using thisapproach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lowerdosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse sideeffects.

Examples of other therapeutic agents include the following: cyclosporins(e.g., cyclosporin A), CTLA4-Ig, antibodies such as ICAM-3, anti-IL-2receptor (Anti-Tac), anti-CD45RB, anti-CD2, anti-CD3 (OKT-3), anti-CD4,anti-CD80, anti-CD86, agents blocking the interaction between CD40 andgp39, such as antibodies specific for CD40 and/or gp39 (i.e., CD154),fusion proteins constructed from CD40 and gp39 (CD401g and CD8gp39),inhibitors, such as nuclear translocation inhibitors, of NF-kappa Bfunction, such as deoxyspergualin (DSG), cholesterol biosynthesisinhibitors such as HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin andsimvastatin), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such asibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen and cyclooxygenase inhibitors such asrofecoxib, steroids such as prednisolone or dexamethasone, goldcompounds, antiproliferative agents such as methotrexate, FK506(tacrolimus, Prograf®), mycophenolate mofetil, cytotoxic drugs such asazathioprine, VP-16, etoposide, fludarabine, cisplatin andcyclophosphamide, TNF-α inhibitors such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodiesor soluble TNF receptor, and rapamycin (sirolimus or Rapamune®) orderivatives thereof.

When other therapeutic agents are employed in combination with thecompounds of the present invention they may be used for example inamounts as noted in the Physician Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwisedetermined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In the treatment or prevention of conditions which require proteinkinase inhibition an appropriate dosage level will generally be about0.01 to 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day which can beadministered in single or multiple doses. Preferably, the dosage levelwill be about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day; more preferably about 0.5to about 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to 50mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage may be 0.05 to 0.5, 0..5 to5 or 5 to 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration, the compositionsare preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 1.0 to 1,000milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0,20.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0, 250.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0,600.0, 750.0, 800.0, 900.0, and 1,000.0 milligrams of the activeingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patientto be treated. The compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4times per day, preferably once or twice per day.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level andfrequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and willdepend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of thatcompound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and timeof administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity ofthe particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

Throughout this specification the word “comprise”, or variations such as“comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusionof a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers orsteps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, orgroup of elements, integers or steps.

All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporatedby reference.

Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or thelike which has been included in the present specification is solely forthe purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is notto be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form partof the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the fieldrelevant to the present invention as it existed in Australia before thepriority date of each claim of this application.

In order that the nature of the present invention may be more clearlyunderstood preferred forms thereof will now be described by reference tothe following non-limiting Examples.

Materials and Methods:

Compound Synthesis

Compounds are generally prepared in a 2-step process starting from2,6-dichloropyrazine.

The first step is a nucleophilic aromatic substitution to generate amonoamino-monohalo intermediate. (Scheme 1).

The nucleophilic aromatic substitution is typically carried out byaddition of a primary amine to the di-halogenated heterocycle in asolvent such as ethanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol, dioxane, THF, DMF,toluene or xylene. The reaction is typically performed at elevatedtemperature in the presence of excess amine or a non-nucleophilic basesuch as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine, or an inorganic basesuch as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate.

Alternatively, the amino substituent may be introduced through atransition metal catalyzed amination reaction. Typical catalysts forsuch transformations include Pd(Oac)₂/P(t-Bu)₃, Pd₂(dba)₃/BINAP andPd(Oac)₂/BINAP. These reactions are typically out in solvents such astoluene or dioxane, in the presence of bases such as caesium carbonateor sodium or potassium tert-butoxide at temperatures ranging from roomtemperature to reflux.

The amines employed in the first step of the synthesis of thesecompounds are obtained commercially or are prepared using methods wellknown to those skilled in the art. Of particular interest areα-methylbenzylamines which may be prepared through reduction of oximes(Scheme 2). Typical reductants include lithium aluminium hydride,hydrogen gas in the presence of palladium on charcoal catalyst, Zn inthe presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium borohydride in the presence ofa Lewis acid such as TiCl₃, ZrCl₄, NiCl₂ and MoO₃, or sodium borohydridein conjunction with Amberlyst H15 ion exchange resin and LiCl.

α-Methyl benzylamines of high optical purity may be prepared from chiralα-methyl benzyl alcohols using methods well known to those skilled inthe art. Such methods include derivitization of the hydroxyl as amesylate or tosylate and displacement with a nitrogen nucleophile, suchas phthalimide or azide which is then converted to the primary amineusing conventional synthetic methods; or, displacement of the hydroxylwith a suitable nitrogen nucleophile under Mitsunobu conditions. Thechiral α-methyl benzyl alcohols may be obtained through chiral reductionof the corresponding ketones. Chiral reducing methods are now well knownin organic chemistry and include enzymatic processes, asymmetrichydrogenation procedures and chiral oxazaborolidines.

The second step of the synthesis typically involves a palladium mediatedcross-coupling of the monoamino-monochloro intermediate with a suitablyfunctionalized coupling partner. Typical coupling partners are boronicacids (Suzuki coupling: see, for example, Miyaura, N. and Suzuki, ChemRev. 1995, 95 2457) or stannanes (Stille coupling: see, for example,Stille, J. K., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1986, 25, 508) (Scheme 3).

The Suzuki coupling is the preferred coupling method and is typicallyperformed in a solvent such as DME, THF, DMF, ethanol, propanol,toluene, or 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a base such as potassiumcarbonate, lithium hydroxide, caesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide,potassium fluoride or potassium phosphate. The reaction may be carriedout at elevated temperatures and the palladium catalyst employed may beselected from [Pd(PPh₃)₄], Pd(Oac)₂, [PdCl₂(dppf)], Pd₂(dba)₃/P(t-Bu)₃.

The products formed from this reaction sequence may be furtherderivatized using techniques well-known to those skilled in the art.Alternatively, derivitization of the mono-amino mono-chloropyrazine maybe undertaken prior to displacement of the 6-chloro substituent. Thisderivitization typically involves functionality originally present onthe amine species and employs methods well known to those skilled in theart.

Representative syntheses are reported below.

EXAMPLE 1 6-Chloro-N-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

A solution of R-α-methylbenzylamine (0.57 g, 4.7 mmol) and2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.6388 g, 4.29 mmol) in dioxane (2.5 mL) washeated at reflux under N₂ for 48 hours. The solvent was removed and theproduct crystallised from toluene-hexane (0.82 g, 82%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.58 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 4.88 (m, 1H, CH), 5.07(d, 1H, NH), 7.24-7.36 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 7.61 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.79 (s,1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 2 2-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

Under a nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of6-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (0.611 g, 2.61 mmol),4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (0.785 g, 3.14mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.30 g, 0.26 mmol) andtoluene (3 mL) was treated with 2M aqueous sodium carbonate solution(1.6 mL, 2.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred vigorously whilstbeing heated under reflux for 24 hours. Once cool ethyl acetate wasadded and the mixture dried (MgSO₄) and filtered. Removal of solvent invacuo then yielded crude product, which was purified by columnchromatography using dichloromethane:diethyl ether (99:1→90:10) aseluent: (0.619 g, 74%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.72 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃), 4.06 (s, 3H, OCH₃),4.90 (m, 1H, CH), 5.75 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH),7.26-7.46 (m, 7H, Ar—H), 7.97 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.20 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 3 6-Chloro-N-[(1R)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of R-α-methylbenzylamine(1.0 g, 6.6 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.440 g, 2.95 mmol)furnished the product (517 mg, 67%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH₃),4.87 (m, 1H, CH), 5.47 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.79-7.30 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.66 (s,1H, pyraz-H), 7.79 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 42-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1R)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of2-(R-α-methyl-3-methoxy-benzylamino)-6-chloro-pyrazine (137.2 mg, 0.52mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (143 mg,0.57 mmol) furnished the product (32 mg, 18%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.61 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH3), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃),3.94 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.94 (m, 1H, CH), 5.02 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H, NH), 6.04 (brs, 1H, OH), 6.77-7.48 (m 7H, Ar—H), 7.69 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.23 (s, 1H,pyraz-H) m/z (ES) 352 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 5 6-Chloro-N-[(1R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of R-α-methylbenzylamine(1.0 g, 6.6 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.4355 g, 2.92 mmol)furnished the product (0.72 g, 93%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.56 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃),4.84 (m, 1H, CH), 5.25 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.88 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H), 7.28(AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H), 7.64 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.78 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 62-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of2-(R-α-methyl-4-methoxy-benzylamino)-6-chloro-pyrazine (127.1 mg, 0.48mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (145 mg,0.58 mmol) furnished the product (59.5 mg, 35%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.59 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₃), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.95(s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.97 (m, 2H, CH and NH), 5.95 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.87(AA′XX′, 2H, ArH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.32 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H),7.46 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.66 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.22 (s, 1H, pyraz-H). m/z(ES) 352 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 76-Chloro-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine (441 mg, 3.0 mmol) and2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.4055 g, 2.72 mmol) furnished the product (521mg, 74%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.89 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₂Ar), 1.97 (m, 1H,H—CHCH₂CH₂Ar),2.08 (m, 1H, HC—H—CH₂CH₂Ar), 2.83 (m, 2H, CH₂Ar), 4.94 (brs, 1H, NH), 5.15 (m, 1H, CH), 7.12-7.31 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.76 (s, 1H,pyraz-H), 7.81 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 82-Methoxy-4-{6-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylamino]pyrazin-2-yl}phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]pyrazin-2-amine (139mg, 0.536 mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (147 mg,0.59 mmol) furnished the product (87 mg, 47%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.91 (m, 2H, CH ₂CH₂Ar), 2.09 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₂CH₂Ar),2.85 (m, 2H, CH₂Ar), 3.96 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.87 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H, NH), 5.28 (m, 1H, CH), 6.04 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.98-7.73 (m, 7H, Ar—H),7.79 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.26 (s, 1H, pyraz-H). m/z (ES) 348 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 9 6-Chloro-N-[(1R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of(1R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylamine (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol) and2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.452 g, 3.04 mmol) furnished the product (673.8mg, 90%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.91 (m, 1H, H—CHCH₂Ar), 2.68 (m, 1H, HC—H—CHCH₂Ar),3.00 (m, 2H, CH₂Ar), 5.03 (br s, 1H, NH), 5.45 (m, 1H, CH), 7.18-7.33(m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.82 (br s, 2H, 2xpyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 104-{6-[(1R)-2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylamino]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]pyrazin-2-amine (136.8 mg,0.56 mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (153 mg,×0.61 mmol) furnished the product (130 mg, 70%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 2.00 (m, 1H, HC—H—CH₂Ar), 2.71 (m, 1H,H—CHCH₂Ar),3.01 (m, 2H, CH₂Ar), 3.96 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.90 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H, NH), 5.57 (m, 1H, CH), 6.06 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.98-7.82 (m, 7H, Ar—H),7.85 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.29 (s, 1H, pyraz-H); m/z(ES) 334 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 11 6-Chloro-N-[(1R)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction ofα-®-4-dimethylbenzylamine (250 mg, 1.85 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine(0.251 g, 1.67 mmol) furnished the product (199.5 mg, 48%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.56 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃), 2.33 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.84(m, 1H, CH), 5.05 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.15 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H), 7.24 (AA′XX′,2H, Ar—H), 7.60 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.78 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 122-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1R)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (56.8 mg, 0.229mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol 63 mg,0.25 mmol) furnished the product (5 mg, 6%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.60 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₃), 2.33 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.95(s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.96 (m, 2H, CH and NH), 5.89 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.97 (d,1H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.14 (AA′XX′, 2H, ArH), 7.30 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H),7.42-7.48 (m, 2H, Ar—H), 7.67 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.62 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).m/z (ES) 336 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 13 6-Chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of S-α-methylbenzylamine(568.8 mg, 4.72 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.6388 g, 4.29 mmol)furnished the product (821 mg, 82%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.58 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 4.88 (m, 1H, CH), 5.07(d, 1H, NH), 7.24-7.36 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 7.61 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.79 (s,1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 14 2-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (717.3 mg, 3.07 mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (845 mg,3.38 mmol) furnished the product (689 mg, 70%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.63 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₃), 3.95 (s, 3H, OCH₃),4.99 (m, 2H, CH+NH), 5.74 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, Ar—H),7.24-7.46 (m, 7H, Ar—H), 7.69 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.23 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 15 6-Chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of S-α-ethylbenzylamine(558 mg, 4.21 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine (570 mg, 3.82 mmol)furnished the product (655 mg, 73%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 0.96 (t, 3H, CH₃), 1.90 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.59 (m, 1H,CH), 5.12 (d, 1H, NH), 7.24-7.37 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 7.60 (s, 1H, pyraz-H),7.78 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 162-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]pyrazin-2-amine (135 mg, 0.57 mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (158 mg,0.63 mmol) furnished the product (87 mg, 45%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.00 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz, CH₃), 1.94 (dq, 2H, J=7.5 Hz,CH₂), 3.96 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.71 (dt, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, CH), 5.00 (br s, 1H,NH), 5.75 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.24 (m, 1H,ArH), 7.30-7.47 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.67 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.21 (s, 1H,pyraz-H). m/z (ES) 336 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 17 (2R)-2-[(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)amino]-2-phenylethanol

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol (420 mg, 3.1 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyrazine(415 mg, 2.79 mmol) furnished the product (261 mg, 37%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 0.91 (d, 1H, OH), 3.97 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.94 (m, 1H,CH), 5.56 (d, 1H, NH), 7.30-7.44 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 7.70 (s, 1H, pyraz-H),7.81 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 184-(6-{[(1R)-2-Hydroxy-1-phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of(2R)-2-[(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)amino]-2-phenylethanol (137 mg, 0.55 mmol)and 2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (151mg, 0.60 mmol) furnished the product (70 mg, 38%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.16 (s, 1H, OH), 382 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.90 (m, 2H,CH₂), 4.92 (m, 1H, CH), 5.50 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.87 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz, ArH),7.15-7.66 (m, 8H, ArH), 8.14 (s, 1H, pyraz-H). m/z (ES) 338 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 19 6-Chloro-N-[(1S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 1, reaction of4-methoxy-α-(S)-methylbenzylamine (0.70 mg, 4.6 mmol) and2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.6259 g, 4.20 mmol) furnished the product (873mg, 79%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.56 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃),4.84 (m, 1H, CH), 5.01 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.88 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H), 7.28(AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H), 7.61 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.79 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 202-Methoxy-4-(6-{[(1S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-[(1S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (149.4 mg,0.57 mmol) and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (156 mg,0.62 mmol) furnished the product (71 mg, 35%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.59 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₃), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.95(s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.95 (m, 2H, CH and NH), 5.98 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.87(AA′XX′, 2H, ArH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.33 (AA′XX′, 2H, Ar—H),7.43-7.49 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.66 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.22 (s, 1H, pyraz-H).m/z (ES) 352 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 21 6-Chloro-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pyrazin-2-amine

A mixture 2,6-dichloropyrazine (0.671 mmol) and 3-picolylamine (2.014mmol) in xylene (25 ml) was refluxed overnight. The residue obtainedafter evaporation of the solvent was suspended between CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml)and water (100 ml). The organic layer was separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 ml). The combined organic extractswere washed with brine (1×100 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solventremoved in vacuo. The residue was then purified by column chromatographyeluting with a hexane:ethyl acetate gradient mixture to afford thedesired product (93%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ4.61 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H, NCH₂), 5.29 (s, broad, 1H,NH), 7.27 (m, 1H, pyrid.-H), 7.30 (m, 1H, pyrid.-H), 7.71 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H, pyrid.-H), 7.85 (s, 1H, pyrid.-H), 8.54 (s, broad, 1H, pyraz.-H),8.61 (s, broad, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 22 2-Methoxy-4-{6-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino]pyrazin-2-yl}phenol

A mixture of 6-chloro-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pyrazin-2-amine (49 mg, 0.22mmol), 2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol(52 mg, 0.20 mmol), (PPh₃)₄Pd (23 mg, 0.020 mmol) and a Na₂CO₃ solution(0.22 mmol of a 2 M solution) in toluene (10 ml) was heated under refluxovernight. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dissolved inCH₂Cl₂ (150 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and the CH₂Cl₂ removed invacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography, eluting with an-hexane:ethyl acetate gradient mixture to obtain the desired product(62 mg, 75%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ3.94 (br s, 3H, CH₃), 4.70 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz, CH₂),5.01 (br s, 1H, NH), 5.83 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH),7.29 (m, 1H, Ar—H), 7.48 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.73 (br d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH),7.83 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.30 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 8.54 (m, 1H, ArH), 8.70(s, 1H, ArH). m/z (ES) 309 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 23 N-Benzyl-6-chloro-N-methylpyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 21, reaction of N-methyl benzylamineand 2,6-dichloropyrazine furnished the product (70%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 3.11 (s, 3H, NCH₃), 4.78 (s, 2H, ArCH₂N), 7.24 (d,J=6.9 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.37-7.28 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.81 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.88(s, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 24 4-{6-[Benzyl(methyl)amino]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 22, reaction ofN-benzyl-6-chloro-N-methylpyrazin-2-amine and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenolfurnished the product (51%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 3.20 (br s, 3H, NCH₃), 3.91 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.89 (s,2H, CH₂), 5.83 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.27 (m, 5H,Ar—H), 7.53 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.93 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 8.28 (s, 1H,pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 322 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 25 2-(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline

In a procedure analogous to Example 21, reaction oftetrahydroisoquinoline and 2,6-dichloropyrazine furnished the product(95%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ2.99 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H, ArCH₂CH₂N), 3.86 (t, J=5.7 Hz,2H, ArCH₂CH₂N), 4.73 (s, 2H, ArCH₂N), 7.27-7.19 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.82 (s,1H, pyraz.-H), 8.01 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 264-[6-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 22, reaction of2-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenolfurnished the product (44%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 3.03 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.96 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.01 (s, 3H,OCH₃), 4.83 (s, 2H, CH₂), 5.87 (br s, 1H, OH), 7.04 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.21(m, 3H, Ar—H), 7.56 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.07 (br s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 8.28 (br s,1H, pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 374 (M+H+ K)⁺.

EXAMPLE 27 6-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 21, reaction of3,4-dichlorobenzylamine and 2,6-dichloropyrazine furnished the product(89%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ4.55 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H, NCH₂), 5.01 (s, broad, 1H, NH),7.18 (dd, J=2.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.20 (dd, J=2.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H, ArH),7.45-7.41 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.77 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.86 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 28 4-{6-[(3,4-Dichlorobenzyl)amino]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 22, reaction of6-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)pyrazin-2-amine and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenolfurnished the product (57%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 3.93 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.62 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz, CH₂), 5.01(br s, 1H, NH), 5.79 (br s, 1H, OH), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.45(m, 4H, ArH), 7.68 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.95 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 8.29 (s, 1H,pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 376 (M⁺).

EXAMPLE 29 6-Chloro-N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 21, reaction of3,5-dimethoxybenzylamine and 2,6-dichloropyrazine furnished the product(91%).

1H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ3.78 (s, 6H, OCH₃), 4.49 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H, NCH₂),5.12 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.39 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.50 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H,ArH), 7.75 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.82 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 304-{6-[(3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)amino]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 22, reaction of6-chloro-N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrazin-2-amine and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenolfurnished the product (88%).

¹H-n.m.r. (as mesylate salt) (d6-DMSO) δ 2.39 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₃), 3.69 (s,6H, OCH₃), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.51 (s, 2H, CH₂), 6.36 (d, 1H, J=2.1 Hz,ArH), 6.57 (d, 2H, J=2.1 Hz, ArH), 6.83 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.54 (m,2H, ArH), 7.87 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 8.29 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 368(M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 31 6-Chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)pyrazin-2-amine

In a procedure analogous to Example 21, reaction of furfurylamine and2,6-dichloropyrazine furnished the product (98%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 4.57 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H, NCH₂), 5.01 (s, broad, 1H,NH), 6.30 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H, furanyl-H), 6.35-6.33 (m, 2H, furanyl-H),7.81 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.84 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H).

EXAMPLE 32 4-{6-[(2-Furylmethyl)amino]pyrazin-2-yl}-2-methoxyphenol

In a procedure analogous to Example 2, reaction of6-chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)pyrazin-2-amine and2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenolfurnished the product (92%).

¹H-n.m.r. (as mesylate salt) (d6-DMSO) δ 2.38 (s, 3H, CH₃SO₃), 3.84 (s,3H, OCH₃), 4.59 (s, 2H, CH₂), 6.33 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.38 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.87(d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.52 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.86 (br s, 1H, pyraz.-H),8.30 (br s, 1H, pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 298 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 33 2-Chloro-4-(6-{[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenol

A solution of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (246 mg, 1.18 mmol),bis(pinacolato)diboron (332 mg, 1.3 mmol),[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride (26 mg,0.035 mmol) and potassium acetate (222 mg, 2.26 mmol) in dry methanol (4mL) was degassed and heated at 65° C. for 24 h. After cooling, thereaction mixture was diluted with ether and filtered through Celite. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue purified bychromatography using dichloromethane-hexane (90:10) as eluant. Theboronate thus obtained (50 mg) was reacted with6-chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (50 mg, 0.2 mmol) underconditions analogous to those of example 2, to furnish the pure productafter chromatography eluting with dichloromethane-ether (90:10) (44 mg,68%).

¹H-n.m.r. δδ 1.59 (d, 3H, J=6.0 Hz, CH₃), 4.88 (m, 1H, CH), 5.08 (br s,1H, NH), 5.69 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.07 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.27-7.36 (m,6H, Ar—H), 7.48 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, ArH), 7.62 (s, 1H, pyraz-H), 7.80 (s,1H, pyraz-H).

EXAMPLE 34 6-(4-Aminophenyl)-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

A mixture of 6-chloro-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (1.10 g,4.71 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) aniline(1.10 g, 5.02 mmol), (PPh₃)₄Pd (580 mg, 0.5 mmol) and a Na₂CO₃ solution(2.6 ml, 2M solution) in toluene (20 ml) was heated under reflux for 40h. Upon cooling, the mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and theproduct extracted with ethyl acetate (3×40 ml). The organic layers werecombined, washed with brine (30 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solventremoved in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography,eluting with a hexane-ethyl acetate (2:3) to furnish the desired productfrom the polar fractions (0.86 g, 63%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.57 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz, CH₃), 3.80 (br s, 2H, NH₂),4.92-4.99 (m, 2H, CH+NH), 6.69 (d, 2H, J=6.7 Hz, ArH), 7.21-7.40 (m, 5H,ArH), 7.72 (d, 2H, J=6.7 Hz, ArH), 7.57 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 8.16 (s, 1H,pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 291 (M⁺+H)

EXAMPLE 356-[4-(Ethylamino)phenyl]-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine

A solution of the amide (40 mg, 0.12 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was treatedwith solid LiAlH₄ (38 mg, 1 mmol), and the mixture stirred at RT for 4h. The reaction was then treated sequentially with H₂O (5 ml), 2M NaOH(5 ml) and water (10 ml) and the resulting suspension then extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×15 ml). The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product thusobtained was purified by column chromatography using ethylacetate-hexane (3:1) as eluant to give the product as a colorless solid(22 mg, 58%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.25 (t, 3H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₃), 1.57 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz,CH₃), 3.18 (q, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.74 (br s. 1H, NH), 4.85-5.01 (m,2H, CH+NH), 6.59-6.63 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.21-7.40 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.54 (s, 1H,pyraz.-H), 7.73-7.77 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.16 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 319(M⁺+H)

EXAMPLE 36N-[4-(6-{[(1S)-1-Phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of6-(4-aminophenyl)-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (58 mg, 0.2mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) was added triethylamine (70 μL, 0.5 mmol). Thesolutions was cooled to 0° C. and methanesulphonyl chloride (18.6 μL,0.24 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to RT andstirred overnight, before dilution with water (15 mL). The product wasextracted into ethyl acetate (2×15 mL) and the combined extracts washedwith 10% aqueous Na₂CO₃ and brine, and then dried (Na₂SO₄). The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the product purified bychromatography eluting with ethyl acetate-hexane (3:2) to afford theproduct as a pale yellow solid (54 mg, 73%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ 1.59 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz, CH₃), 3.01 (s, 3H, CH₃),4.96-5.01 (m, 2H, CH+NH), 6.52 (br s, 1H, NHSO₂), 7.22-7.40 (m, 7H,ArH), 7.70 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.85-7.89 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.20 (s, 1H,pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 369 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 37N-[4-(6-{[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]amino}pyrazin-2-yl)phenyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide

In a method analogous to that reported in example 39, reaction of6-(4-aminophenyl)-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]pyrazin-2-amine (58 mg, 0.2mmol) and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (25 mg, 0.24 mmol) furnished thepure product after chromatographic purification using ethylacetate-hexane (3:2) (46 mg, 64%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ0.82-0.88 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.05-1.10 (m, 2H, CH₂),1.49-1.60 (m, 4H, CH, CH₃), 4.91-4.9 (m, 2H, CH+NH), 7.23-7.40 (m, 5H,ArH), 7.56 (AA′XX′, 2H, ArH), 7.65 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H), 7.85 (AA′XX′, 2H,ArH), 8.21 (s, 1H, pyraz.-H). m/z (ES) 359 (M⁺+H).

EXAMPLE 38 1-Pyridin-3-ylethanone oxime

To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.44 g) in water (20 ml)was added NaOH (20%, 30 ml). The ketone (5 g, 41 mmol) was added at onceand the resulting mixture was stirred at RT until TLC showed no ketoneremained. The solvents were distilled off in vacuo and the residueextracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 ml) and dried (Na₂SO₄). After filtrationand removal of the solvent, the crude ketoxime was recrystallised fromCH₂Cl₂/n-hexane.

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ2.31 (s, 3H, CH₃), 7.33 (dd, J=4.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H, ArH),7.97 (ddd, J=8.1, 1.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.61 (dd, J=5.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H,ArH), 8.96 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 10.62 (s, 1H, OH).

EXAMPLE 39 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone oxime

A mixture of the ketone (2.0 g, 13 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride(0.98 g, 14 mmol), NaOH (10%, 4 ml), water (6.2 ml) and EtOH (25 ml) washeated under reflux for 2 hours. Upon cooling in ice, the ketoximeprecipitated and was collected by suction filtration. The crude productwas recrystallised from CH2Cl2/n-hexane (1.88 g, 86%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ2.28 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.51 (s, 4H, ArH), 8.67 (s, 1H,OH).

EXAMPLE 40 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanamine

A mixture of the ketoxime (Ig, 6 mmol) and LiAlH₄ (0.27 g) in anhydrousTHF (100 ml) was heated at reflux under dry N₂ overnight. The reactionmixture was cooled in ice-water and carefully quenched with H₂O (60 mL).The mixture was allowed to stir at RT for half an hour, after which timeit was filtered through Celite®. The inorganic salts were washed withEtOAc (3×100 ml). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure,diluted with 2M HCl (50 ml) and the aqueous phase washed with Et₂O (2×70ml). The aqueous phase was basified with 40% aqueous NaOH and theproduct extracted with Et₂O (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine (50 ml) and dried (MgSO₄). The solvents were removedin vacuo to afford the pure amine (0.65 g, 71%).

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH—CH₃), 1.63 (br s, 2H, NH₂),4.13-4.06 (m, 1H, CH—CH₃), 7.23-7.18 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.35 (s, 1H, ArH).

EXAMPLE 41 1-Pyridin-3-ylethanamine

To a mixture of the ketoxime (4.85 g, 36 mmol) and Zn powder (12 g) at0° C. was slowly added, with vigorous stirring, concentrated HCl (50ml). When the initial vigorous reaction had subsided, the mixture washeated under reflux until TLC showed all the ketoxime had been consumed.After cooling to RT, the strongly acidic mixture was extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (2×75 ml). The reaction mixture was then made strongly basic with50% KOH solution. After removal of the solvent, the residue wasextracted with boiling MeOH (4×100 ml). The MeOH was distilled off toleave the crude amine which was used in the ensuing reactions withoutfurther purification.

¹H-n.m.r. (CDCl₃) δ1.07 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.37 (br s, 2H, NH₂),3.84 (q, J=4.6 Hz, 1H, CH—CH₃), 6.93 (dd, J=7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.38(ddd, J=7.8, 2.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.15 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H, ArH),8.27 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H, ArH).

Screening

Establishment of TEL:JAK Cell Lines

The coding region encompassing nucleotides 1-487 of TEL was amplified byPCR using the oligonucleotides 5TEL (5′-GGA GGA TCC TGA TCT CTC TCG CTGTGA GAC-3′ SEQ ID No:1) and 3TEL (5′-AGGC GTC GAC TTC TTC TTC ATG GTTCTG-3′ SEQ ID No:2) and U937 mRNA as template. A BamH I site was presentinto the 5TEL Primer, a Sal I site was incorporated into the 3TELprimer. The regions encompassing the kinase domains of JAK2 (nucleotides2994-3914; JAK2F; 5′-ACGC GTC GAC GGT GCC TTT GAA GAC CGG GAT-3′; JAK2R;5′-ATA GTT TAG CGG CCG CTC AGA ATG AAG GTC ATT T-3′) and JAK3(nucleotides 2520-3469; JAK3F; 5′-GAA GTC GAC TAT GCC TGC CAA GAC CCCACG ATC TT-3′; JAK3R; 5′-GGA TCT AGA CTA TGA AAA GGA CAG GGA GTG GTGTTT-3′) were generated by PCR using Taq DNA Polymerase (Gibco/BRL) andU937 mRNA as template. A SalI site was incorporated into the forwardprimer of JAK2 and JAK3, a Not I site was incorporated into the JAK2reverse primer and a Xba I site was added to the reverse primer of JAK3.

A TEL/Jak2 fusion was generated by digestion of the TELPCR product withBamH I/Sal I, digestion of the JAK2 PCR product with Sal I/Not Ifollowed by ligation and subcloning into the mammalian expression VectorpTRE 2 (Clontech) digested with BamH I-Not I (pTELJAK2). For JAK3 SalI/Not I cleaved kinase domain PCR product was ligated with BamH I/Sal Icleaved TELproduct followed by ligation into BamH I/Not I cleaved pTRE2(pTELJAK3).

The growth factor dependent myelomonocytic cell line BaF3 bearing thepTET-off plasmid (Clontech) was transfected with either pTELJAK2 orpTELJAK3 and the cells selected for factor independent growth. BaF 3wild type cells were cultured in DMEM 10% FCS, 10% WEHI 3B conditionedmedium. BaF3 TELJAK cells were cultured in DMEM 10% Tet-System ApprovedFBS (without WEHI 3B conditioned medium).

Cellular assays were performed as follows:

Cell suspensions were prepared by harvesting cells from culture. (Cellsused in this test should be in later log phase growth and highviability.) Cells were diluted in correct growth medium to 1.1× finalconcentration (from 50,000 cell/mL to 200,000 cell/mL, depending on cellline).

Compounds to be tested were added (10 L, 10× final concentration) to aflat bottom 96-well plate. The cellular suspension (90 μL per well) wasadded, and the plate incubated for 40 hr at 37° C., 5% CO₂. MTT (20 μLper well, 5 mg/mL in PBS) was added and the plates were returned to theincubator for a further 6 hours. Lysis buffer (100 μL per well, 10% SDS,0.01N HCl) was added and the plate stored in the incubator overnight.The plate was then read at 590 nm.

Kinase assays were performed either in a 96 well capture based ELISAassayor in 384 well Optiplates (Packard) using an Alphascreen ProteinTyrosine Kinase kit. In either case using approximately 1.5 mg ofaffinity purified PTK domain in the presence of 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 10mM MgCl2, 150 mM NaCl and 10 mM-1 mM ATP. The biotinylated substratebiotin?EGPWLEEEEEAYGWMDF?NH2 (final concentration 5 mM) was used assubstrate. In the ELISA assay tyrosine phosphorylation was quantitatedfollowing transfer to an avidin coated ELISA plate using peroxidaselinked anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody PY20. In the Alphascreen assay,Alphascreen phosphotyrosine acceptor beads followed by streptavidindonor beads were added under subdued light. The ELISA plates were readon a BMG Fluorostar, the Alphascreen plates were read on a PackardFusion Alpha. Inhibitors were added to the assays fifteen minutes priorto the addition of ATP. Inhibitors were added in aqueous DMSO, with DMSOconcentrations never exceeding 1%.

Results

The activity of a range of compounds is shown in Table 1. Compounds thatexhibited a capacity to inhibit 50% of cell growth at a concentration of50 μM (measured under standard conditions, see Methods), are designatedas “+”.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerousvariations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown inthe specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope ofthe invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are,therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and notrestrictive.

REFERENCES

-   Spiotto M T, and Chung T D. (2000) STAT3 mediates IL-6-induced    growth inhibition in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP.    Prostate 42 88-98

1. A method of inhibiting a protein kinase, comprising administering toa subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of thegeneral formula

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal formsor diastereomers thereof, wherein: R¹ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; Q is a bond orC₁₋₄ alkyl; A is aryl, hetaryl optionally substituted with 0-3substituents independently chosen from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂,CF₃, CN, aryl, hetaryl, OCF₃, OC₁₋₄ alkyl, OC₂₋₅ alkylNR⁴R⁵, O-aryl,O-heteroaryl, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, nitro, NR⁴R⁵, C₁₋₄ alkylNR⁴R⁵, NR⁶C₁₋₄alkylNR⁴R⁵, NR⁴COR⁵, NR⁶CONR⁴R⁵, or NR⁴SO₂R⁵; R⁴ and R⁵ are eachindependently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, ormay be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8 membered ringoptionally containing an atom selected from O, S, and NR⁷; R⁶ is H orC₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁷ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, or C₁₋₄alkyl hetaryl; R² is 0-2 substituents independently selected fromhalogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, OH, OC₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, CN, C₁₋₄alkylNR⁸R⁹, OC₁₋₄ alkylNR⁸R⁹, CO₂R⁸, CONR⁸R⁹, NR⁸R⁹,NR⁸COR⁹,NR¹⁰CONR⁸R⁹, and NR⁸SO₂R⁹; R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently H,C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl,hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, or may be joined to forman optionally substituted 3-8 membered ring optionally containing anatom selected from O, S, and NR¹¹; R¹⁰ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl orhetaryl; R¹¹ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, or C₁₋₄alkyl hetaryl; Y is halogen, OH, NR¹²R¹³, NR¹²COR¹³, NR¹²CONR¹³,NR¹²SO₂R¹³ or NHSO₂(phenyl); R¹² and R¹³ are each independently H, CH₂F,CHF₂, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-6membered ring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, and NR¹⁴and R¹⁴ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; n=0-4; W is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenylwhere C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl may be optionally substituted withC₁₋₄alkyl, OH, OC₁₋₄alkyl, or NR¹⁵R¹⁶; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are eachindependently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8membered ring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, and NR¹⁷and R¹⁷ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; when Y is OH or NHCOCH₃ then R2 is 1-2substituents; and when Y is NH₂ and R² is absent then Y is in the paraposition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein kinase involvesa receptor tyrosine kinase selected from the group consisting of EGF,HER2, HER3, HER4, IR, IGF-1R, IRR, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, CSFIR, C-Kit,C-fms, Flk-1R, Flk4, KDR/Flk-1, Flt-1, FGFR-1R, FGFR-2R, FGFR-3R, andFGFR-4R.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein kinase involves acellular tyrosine kinase selected from the group consisting of Src, Frk,Btk, Csk, Abl, ZAP70, Fes/Fps, Fak, Ack, Yes, Fyn, Lyn, Lck, Blk, Hck,Fgr, and Yrk.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the protein kinaseinvolves a tyrosine kinase selected from the group consisting of JAK1,JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the proteinkinase involves a serine/threonine kinase selected from the groupconsisting of ERK2, c-Jun, p38 MAPK, PKA, PKB, PKC, a cyclin-dependentkinase, CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDK10, andCDK11.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein kinase isassociated with a disease state selected from the group consisting ofatopy, a cell mediated hypersensitivity, a rheumatic disease, anautoimmune disease, a viral disease, and a cancer.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the atopy is allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis(eczema), or allergic rhinitis; the cell mediated hypersensitivity isallergic contact dermatitis or hypersensitivity pneumonitis; therheumatic disease is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoidarthritis, juvenile arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma,polymyositis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis; theautoimmune disease is type I diabetes, an autoimmune thyroid disorder,or Alzheimer's disease; the viral disease is Epstein Barr virus (EBV),hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), humanT-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV 1), Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), orhuman papilloma virus (HPV); and the cancer is leukemia, lymphoma orprostate cancer.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein kinase isassociated with a disease state selected from the group consisting ofone or more of sarcomas, carcinomas and leukemias.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the protein kinase is associated with a disease stateselected from the group consisting of one or more of fibrosarcoma,myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma,angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma,lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor,leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer,breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma,basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceousgland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas,cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renalcell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma,seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testiculartumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma,epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acousticneuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, andretinoblastoma.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein kinase isassociated with carcinoma formed from the tissue of the breast,prostate, kidney, bladder or colon.
 11. The method of claim 1, whereinthe protein kinase is associated with a hyperplastic or neoplasticdisorder arising in adipose tissue.
 12. The method of claim 11, whereinthe hyperplastic or neoplastic disorder is an adipose cell tumor. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein the adipose cell tumor is one or more oflipoma, fibrolipoma, lipoblastoma, lipomatosis, hibemomas, hemangiomaand liposarcoma.
 14. The method of claim 1, comprising administering acompound of the general formula II:

wherein A, W, R¹, R², n and Y are as defined in claim
 1. 15. A solvateor crystal form of a compound of the general formula I

wherein: R¹ is H or C₁₋₄alkyl; Q is a bond or C₁₋₄ alkyl; A is aryl,hetaryl optionally substituted with 0-3 substituents independentlychosen from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN, aryl, hetaryl,OCF₃, OC₁₋₄ alkyl, OC₂₋₅ alkylNR⁴R⁵, O-aryl, O-heteroaryl, CO₂R⁴,CONR⁴R⁵, nitro, NR⁴R⁵, C₁₋₄ alkylNR⁴R⁵, NR⁶C₁₋₄ alkylNR⁴R⁵, NR⁴ COR⁵,NR⁶CONR⁴R⁵, or NR⁴SO₂R⁵; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, or may be joined to form an optionallysubstituted 3-8 membered ring optionally containing an atom selectedfrom O, S, and NR⁷; R⁶ is H or C₁₋₄alkyl; R⁷ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl,hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, or C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl; R² is 0-2 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, OH, OC₁₋₄ alkyl, CH₂F,CHF₂, CF₃, OCF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkylNR⁸R⁹, OC₁₋₄ alkylNR⁸R⁹, CO₂R⁸, CONR⁸R⁹,NR⁸R⁹, NR⁸COR⁹, NR¹⁰CONR⁸R⁹, and NR⁸SO₂R⁹; R⁸ and R⁹ are eachindependently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcyclohetalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl, ormay be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8 membered ringoptionally containing an atom selected from O, S, and NR¹¹; R¹⁰ is H,C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl or hetaryl; R¹¹ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl aryl, or C₁₋₄ alkyl hetaryl; Y is halogen, OH, NR¹²R¹³, NR¹²COR¹³,NR¹²CONR¹³, NR¹²SO₂R¹³ or NHSO₂(phenyl); R¹² and R¹³ are eachindependently H, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl,C₁₋₄ alkyl cyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form an optionallysubstituted 3-6 membered ring optionally containing an atom selectedfrom O, S, and NR¹⁴ and R¹⁴ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; n=0-4; W is H, C₁₋₄alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl where C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl may be optionallysubstituted with C₁₋₄alkyl, OH, OC₁₋₄alkyl, or NR¹⁵R¹⁶; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ areeach independently H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcyclohetalkyl, or may be joined to form an optionally substituted 3-8membered ring optionally containing an atom selected from O, S, and NR¹⁷and R¹⁷ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; when Y is OH or NHCOCH₃ then R² is 1-2substituents; and when Y is NH₂ and R² is absent then Y is in the paraposition.
 16. The compound of claim 15, having the general formula II:

wherein A, W, R¹, R², n and Y are as defined in claim
 15. 17. Thecompound of claim 15, where W is C₁₋₄ alkyl wherein the compoundpossesses S chirality at the chiral carbon bearing W.
 18. The compoundof claim 15, wherein the compound is a mixture of R and S isomers andthe mixture comprises at least 70% of the S isomer.
 19. The compound ofclaim 18, wherein the compound comprises at least 80% of the S isomer.20. The compound of claim 19, wherein the compound comprises at least90% of the S isomer.
 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein the compoundcomprises at least 95%.of the S isomer.
 22. The compound of claim 21wherein the compound comprises at least 99% of the S isomer.
 23. Thecompound of claim 15, selected from the group consisting of:


24. A method having the formula

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, crystal formsor diastereomers thereof.